英文短篇美文
阅读是个体语言学习中一项十分重要的基本技能,同时也是个体获取知识和资讯的基本手段之一。下面是我带来的经典英语短篇美文，欢迎阅读!
经典英语短篇美文篇一
小溪的魅力Attraction of Creeks
Nearly everybody has a creek in his or her past, a secret waterway where one spent the spring of one’s youth.
几乎每一个人的过去都流淌著一条小溪,它发源于少年时代,一路潺潺絮语而来。
An old man’s voice weakens as he talks of a boyhood creek in Louisian where he swam and fished. A woman feels suddenly at home again as she remembers catching fish in the creek behind her parents’ house.
一位老人谈起他孩提时在路易斯安那故乡的小溪里游泳、钓鱼时,语调便柔和起来。一位妇女一想起在她父母屋后的小溪里捉鱼的情景,顿时感到重新回到了故乡。
My creek wound between Grandfather’s garden and a neighbor’s hillside pasture. Its banks were shaded by cottonwood3 and redwood trees. On hot summer days the clear and cold water flowed over the little beaches where I fished.
我心中的小溪蜿蜒流淌在祖父的花园和邻居山腰的草地之间,三角叶杨和红杉将两岸遮得严严实实,密不透风。英语美文炎炎夏日,清澈透凉的溪水静静地流过散满砾石的小沙滩,我就在那儿钓鱼。
Nothing historic ever happened in these creeks, but they are deep in memory. These creeks are bigger than they seem. They are a part of our hearts and minds more than powerful rivers.
在这些记忆中的小溪里从来没有发生过什么惊天动地的大事,然而,它们深深扎根于记忆中。它们比看上去要博大得多。与汹涌澎湃的大河相比,小溪更深深地融入我们的大脑和心灵。
While rivers are heavy, creeks are clear, innocent, lively and full of dreams and promise.duanwenw A child can paddle across them without a parent’s warnings. You can go to it alone, catch fish in it and swing from the ropes along its banks. Creeks belong to childhood, drawing you into a wider world, teaching you the curve of the earth.
大河积淀厚重,深不可测;小溪则清澈、纯净、活泼,充满了梦想和希望。孩子们不必担心父母的告诫即可涉水而过。你可以独自去小溪中捉鱼,在岸边系上绳子荡秋千。小溪属于童年,将孩子们带入一个更加广阔的世界,让你领略到大地起伏的轮廓。
Poet Robert Frost once wrote: It flows between us, over us and with us. And it is time, strength, tone, light, life and love.
诗人罗伯特·弗罗斯特写道:"小溪流淌著,在我们之中,在我们之上,跟我们融为一体。小溪是时间、力量、乐曲、光明、生命和爱。"
经典英语短篇美文篇二
心存感激Be Thankful
Be Thankful that you don't already have everything you desire. If you did, what would there be to look forward to?
心存感激吧，因为你没有得到所有期望得到的，如果都有了的话，那还有什么值得期盼呢?
Be thankful when you don't know something, for it gives you opportunities to learn.
心存感激吧，因为你总有未知，才使你有机会去学习;
Be thankful for the difficult times. During those times you grow.
心存感激吧，因为有艰苦的时期才使得你成长;
Be thankful for your limitations, duanwenw because they give you opportunities for improvement.
因你的力所不及而心存感激吧，正因为如此，你才有机会进步。
Be thankful for your mistakes. They will teach you valuable lessons.
因每一次全新挑战而心存感激吧，正因为如此，你的力量得以增强，性格得以塑造。
It's easy to be thankful to the good things. A life of rich fulfillment es to those who are also thankful for the setbacks.
因你所犯之错而心存感激吧，正因如此，你才得到了宝贵的经验。
Find a way to be thankful for your troubles, and they can bee your blessings.
因疲惫和厌倦而心存感激吧，因为这意味着你做了改变。
经典英语短篇美文篇三
甜美的九月Sweet September
September is more than a month; it is a season in itself.
九月不仅仅是一个月份,它还是一个季节。
It begins with August’s leftovers and ends with October’s preparations, but along the way it achieves its own special satisfactions. September —in its own time, at its own pace —begins with the closing of the summer.
它始于八月的余热,终于十月繁忙的准备,但在这之间,它带来了异常的满足。九月,伴着它的时令,踩着它的节拍,翩然而至,宣告夏季的结束。
With September we begin to feel the autumn. It creeps in on misty dawns and disappears on hot afternoons. duanwenw It creeps into the treetops and the leaves, then rides a tuft of thistledown across the valley and away. It sits on a hilltop and cries like an October owl in the dusk. It plays with the wind. September is like a busy squirrel in a tree, and sometimes like a lazy river. It is summer’s ripeness and richness that brought to a sweet September.
九月悄然给我们捎来了一丝秋意。它无声无息地浸入雾濛濛的清晨,却又在阳光煦暖的午后没了踪影。它蹑手蹑脚地跨过树梢,掠过些许叶子,又轻踏一簇毛蓟绕过山谷而去。它独栖山顶,像十月黄昏中猫头鹰的鸣叫;又同微风嬉戏。时而如树上的松鼠,忙得不亦乐乎;时而如慵懒的小溪,汩汩流淌。夏季的成熟与丰饶成就了甜美的九月。
Some of the rarest days of the year e in September, fortably cool but pulsing with life, with clear and clean skies, duanwenw pure air and wind free of dust. The fields still *** ell of the sweetness of cut grass. September’s flowers are less varied than those of the spring, but so abundant that they make September a second May. The goldenrod, flowering by mid-August, reaches its peak of golden abundance in early September. Late thistles show their purple everywhere, and asters4 blossom along the roadsides, in meadows, on hilltops, even in cities.
九月给我们带来了一年中最难得的时光:晴空万里,秋高气爽,清风徐来,一尘不染,生命与季节一起脉动。草场上散发著清新绿草的清香。九月花草种类不及春天,但亦是百花争荣,仿佛另一个五月。黄花在八月中旬含苞欲放,待到九月初花重四野,遍地金黄。晚蓟却争紫斗艳,引人入胜。紫菀处处绽放,在小路旁,草场中,山顶上,甚至在市区里。
We think of spring as the time of miracles, but September is also a lasting wonder.
春天是个充满奇迹的季节,但九月也是一种永恒的奇迹。
英语短篇美文
英语短篇美文1 Then is over; this is now. The less time and effort you put into looking at the past, the more you will have for living and experiencing this day. You will also find that letting go of the past will give you a deeper sense of strength. Instead of allowing past mistakes and worries to drain your energies, you will have a renewed energy to live your life to the fullest and enjoy it more. Being content with yourself and optimistic about your future is not difficult. Whatever is in the past is over; learn from it and move on. When you are self-motivated enough to do this, you will see that moving ahead is the best definition of living life. With that said, what can you do now? Sure it is easy for me to tell you to forget the past, yet it is a whole different practice to actually do it. Life is a complex set of events much of which of course is real, yet a large amount is just your view of what really happened. 英语短篇美文2 However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The faultfinder will find faults in paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a poorhouse. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace. The town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any. May be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means. Which should be more disreputable. Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends, Turn the old, return to them. Things do not change; we change. Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts. 英语短篇美文3 If a friend is a passing traveler in life, it is a hurried walk, but there is nothing left or nothing to take. So in our lives, how many of these passers-by have not been calculated. What is a friend, a friend in the sea, a neighbor in the world. Can listen to what you say, this is the friend, can share for you, this is the friend. Always thought that happiness is hard to find, ever more friends, it is hard to find, in the vast sea of humanity, I do not know you, you don't know me, but there is only you and I will be connected to each other, fate. One day, the fate comes. Acquaintances are Providence, understanding is human meaning, and it is friendship. The ends of the earth always have their own days. There is always a friend of his own. A drop of water in the sea may not be the same. But a drop of water in the desert is the hope of life. When you face the Sahara of youth, friends give you the courage to live. No matter how long the road of friendship is, do not ask for a long time, but to have it. Even if only one second, remember. Once had, this treasure in the heart of friendship. It is impossible to leave the country in a hurry. But when you really regret, far apart from each other, the friend is here or there, but remember: green gray, silvery mist. There's a friend in the water. The man has gone, and the heart is still. Friends have gone, friendship is still there. Miss in the sky, wandering in the night. Where is my friend, pray for you, and wish you happiness. Then, when happiness comes, I know. You are praying for me in the distance, and pray for your blessing to me. In the maple leaves, write full of the yearning for you, in the sky full of blessing to you. The wind blows away the yearning, and the cloud will take away the blessing. But, whatever, we don't take our friendship. 英语短篇美文4 Away from home, one comes to understand what “home” actually is and what it means. You can only eat rice for dinner and sleep on the street under the open sky during the trip, Then you will think abouthow lucky you are to have a happy family and eat well and dress warmly.When you travel, you learn how much you truly have that you take for granted. A person,a backpack,a song,a road, people on the way, heart with the landscape, from the start, to the end, or happy, or lonely, heart in the distance, just brave forward, dreams will guide, high mountain and long river, road in the foot,the footprints into a lifeline. Dali erhai shaped like a human ear, calm, like a dark green gem inlaid in the land of Yunnan, the breeze blowing, the sea glittering, thrown a beautiful road spray, charming and moving, let me feel the magic of the nature.When I am in such a place, I just hold my breath and observe the beauty. At such moments I think about how our life is excellent, what beauty it offers us and how important it is to value each moment of our lives. Always want to travel, to the beautiful place, but often really set foot to the place where you want to go, then feel so. Maybe we just want to get away from the noisy city and boring job.Maybe we just want our heart to travel, no matter where they are, as long as there is a relaxing and beautiful attitude, life is beautiful! Life is a journey, will encountertouching, sad, exciting, frustrating stories, always unexpected things.Life is to feel beautiful and kind, ugly and sick.But only in the arduous journey of life, always adjust the attitude of the scenery, can be able to achieve the person on the journey, feel life, enjoy life. 英语短篇美文5 I waited a few minutes and then the supervisor was back on the line. "I have a party who will speak with you. " I asked the woman on the other end of the line if she knew anyone by the name of Hannah. She gasped. " Oh！ We bought this house from a family who had a daughter named Hannah. But that was thirty years ago！" "Would you know where that family could be located now?" I asked. "I remember that Hannah had to place her mother in a nursing home some years ago， "the woman said. "Maybe if you got in touch with them， they might be able to track down the daughter. "She gave me the name of the nursing home， and I called the number. The woman on the phone told me the old lady had passed away some years ago， but the nursing home did have a phone number for where the daughter might be living. I thanked the person at the nursing home and phoned the number she gave me. The woman who answered explained that Hannah herself was now living in a nursing home. This whole thing is stupid， I thought to myself. Why am I making such a big deal over finding the owner of a wallet that has only three dollars and a letter that is almost sixty years old? 英语短篇美文6 She has big eyes, rosy face, high nose and a glib small mouth. The bright black hair of black black. In the first class, we had a good relationship in the same class. It was a good friend who was inseparable from each other. It was a good student who was envious of his classmates. But because of one thing, he stopped talking to each other and even became an enemy. Finally one day, we made up again, a night under the rain, I only wore a short sleeved jacket, she had a uniform, each of our students are very anxious to go back to the dorm, I was no exception. On the way back to the dorm, rain drops on my body, I feel pain and cold. Suddenly, a man came over, a very familiar person - my good friend. She put her coat draped over my body, I suddenly feel very warm, I haven't had time to speak, she pulled me into the dormitory ran, she was caught in the rain like tears soaked through me. On the second day, we didn't say anything. After all, we wanted to be reconciled to each other in my heart, and then we were in good shape again. She is so strong, I never know that this pure and happy girl is no father. One day to her home, she is helping his mother do the housework, mother and daughter support a home, they are very happy, I was touched by her family life and character. She is happy to help people, not to count, to honor their parents, and to be optimistic and strong. She is a model for us to learn. 英语短篇美文7 Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness---that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what---at last---I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always it brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 英语短篇美文8 The calm man, having learned how to govern himself, knows how to adapt himself to others; and they, in turn, reverence his spiritual strength, and feel that they can learn of him and rely upon him. The more tranquil a man becomes, the greater is his success, his influence, his power for good. Even the ordinary trader will find his business prosperity increase as he develops a greater selfcontrol and equanimity, for people will always prefer to deal with a man whose demeanor is strongly equable. 英语短篇美文9 The strong, calm man is always loved and revered. He is like a shadegiving tree in a thirsty land, or a sheltering rock in a storm. "Who does not love a tranquil heart, a sweettempered, balanced life?" It does not matter whether it rains or shines, or what changes come to those possessing these blessings, for they are always sweet, serene, and calm. That exquisite poise of character, which we call serenity is the last lesson of culture, the fruitage of the soul. It is precious as wisdom, more to be desired than gold — yea, than even fine gold. How insignificant mere money seeking looks in comparison with a serene life, a life that dwells in the ocean of truth, beneath the waves, beyond the reach of tempests, in the eternal calm! 英语短篇美文10 "How many people we know who sour their lives, who ruin all that is sweet and beautiful by explosive tempers, who destroy their poise of character, and make bad blood! It is a question whether the great majority of people do not ruin their lives and mar their happiness by lack of selfcontrol. How few people we meet in life who are well balanced, who have that exquisite poise which is characteristic of the finished character!"
如何写好英语段落
如何写好英语段落 段落是由表达单一中心思想一组句子(包括主题句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence)构成，是文章结构基本独立单位。下面是我整理的如何写好英语段落相关内容。 如何写好英语段落1 主题句与推展句 1、主题句 主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Don’t argue with parents;they will think you don’t love them.Don’t argue with children;they will think themselves victimized.Don’t argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate.Don’t argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly.My mother’s rules,in fact,can be summed up in two words: Don’t argue. 主题句中提出“certain rules”是指什么?展开句中通过四个“Don’t argue ——”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句(即本段中末句)。 1.1、主题句位置 主题句通常放在段落开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下作用，或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头写作手法。 例1:Our life today depends very much on energy.In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories,machines have made life easier than it used to be.The machines use energy,and energy is needed for heating,lighting,communications,carrying goods everything.Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell. 这段文字所讲主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段主题句。 例2:(主题句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.(推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.(推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness. 1.2、 如何写好主题句中关键词 段落主题句对主题限定主要是通过句中关键词来表现。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句重要前提之一。在上面例1，例2中，主题句关键词分别为：depends very much on energy;no one can avoid being influenced. 如何写好英语段落2 1.比较与对照的基本定义 比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的共同点或相似点(similarities)，如人物、事物、地点、思想、观点等。对照(contrast)主要是指它们的不同点(difference)。在大学英语中，比较和对照法往往同时使用。写作时，首先应考虑要比较和对照的两个或两个以上的事物， 然后列一个表，发现这些事物的最主要特征，相同的或类似的特征可以比较，不同的特征可以组成对照。例如： 例1.Punctuality is the main constituent of good character.Aperson,who is always in time for his appointment,shows real considerationfor others.On the other hand,a person who is always lateshows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not worthy tobe friend with.(本段对守时(in time)与不能守时(late)的两种不同的人进行了对照,用表示对照的连接词“On the otherhand”进行了很好的连接。)。 例2.Paintings and photographs have something in common.But there are also some differences between them.(这段很好地展示出本文将用比较与对照的方法进行写作。) Paintings and photographs are visual art forms.They both cancapture a specific moment for all time.A painting reflects the skilland talent of a painter,likewise the quality of a photograph canrepresent the skill and talent of a photographer.(本段对paintingsand photographs两个不同的种类进行了分析， 用连接词(both)进行了很好的连接，用连接词(likewise)用同样的方式对它们的相同点(the skill and talent)进行了比较)。 Photographs are created by using film,a camera,and specialpaper.In contrast,paintings are created with paint,brushes,andcanvas.Photographs,like paintings,are often framed and displayedon walls in homes and galleries.Both can vary in size.However,photographs are usually small enough to keep in albumswhere they document family events.( 本段比较和对照法同时使用).In conclusion,although paintings and photographs are similarin some ways,there are also some differences between them.(本段对本文的比较与对照进行了小结)。 2.比较与对照的两种基本写作方法 2.1整体对比法(one-side-at-a-time method) 整体对比法：既先描述甲，再描述乙(A1，A2，A3，...B1，B2，B3，...)例 如大学英语作文“Where to live———In the City or inthe Countryside” 第一段可描述几点城市生活(A1，A2，A3，...)，第二段可描述几点农村生活(B1，B2，B3，...)，用整体对比法写作。 例3.Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. (A).The city has better transportation service and health care.Citydwellers can easily enjoy themselves in restaurants,departmentstorees and concert halls.They are well-informed about what is goingon at home and abroad,and have the access to better education,better jobs and more opportunities for business.(A1,A2,A3,...)But country life is also attractive.(B).Country people are inclose contact with nature.They breathe fresh air and listen to thesong of the birds.They make friends with crops and trees,cows andsheep.And they enjoy the peace and calm of the pastoral environment.(B1,B2,B3,...) However,both the city and the country have their own disadvantages.The city,despite all its good points,may be a place toocrowded for people to live in.And urban citizens are often underpressure,worrying over such problems as pollution,crime and unemployment.(A1,A2,...).As for rural inhabitants,they are freefrom becoming layoffs all right,yet they may find life far from thecity less convenient,and sometimes not as colorful or full of vigor. (B1，B2，...) 2.2逐项对比法(point-by-point method)逐项对比法: 既双方同时描述,逐点进行比较(A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...) 例4.Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving acar.First,it is a physical exercise to ride a bicycle.(A1).In contrast,sitting in the car,one tends to gain weight.(B1).Besides,it ismuch more economical to ride a bike than drive a car.On the otherhand,the only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax.However,the annual fees for a car are costly.(A2,B2).On the otherhand,a bike needn’t be equipped with a parking lot,but a carmust.(A3,B3).Most important of all,it is beneficial to the environmentto ride a bicycle because the bike doesn’t consume petrol;itis a pollution -free transport.In contrast,the exhaust released bythe car is harmful to the environment.(A4,B4). 如何写好英语段落3 1 举例法(examples) 举例就是用具体生动的事例来阐述作者的观点和见解的一种最简捷、最有效的方法。也就是说，它用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的主导思想。用具体的事例来扩展主题句是最常用的写作方法之一。它不仅使文章通俗易懂，而且还给读者留下深刻印象，使文章更具有说服力。在选择例证时要选择最能支持你的观点，最有说服力的句子。例子的多少主要由文章的长短而定。 [例] Sports and games do a lot of good to our health.They can make usstrong,prevent us from getting too fat,and keep us healthy.Especiallythey can be of great value to people who work with their brains most ofthe day,for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercisingthe body. 例子中的第一句是主题句，即sports and games do a lot of good toour health.在此主题句中的主导思想是a lot of good.以下事例都是来进一步阐述主题中的主导思想的，即用具体事实来支持主题句中的观点。 2 定义法(definition) 这了避免混乱和误解，写作时应对读者不熟悉或有多种解释的单词、术语、概念下定义;所以定义法是文章写作中常见的一种方法。定义法主要以下几种方法： 2.1 运用同义词或词组来解释某一术语或新词。例如： To mend means to repair. 2.2 用含有定语从句的句子为术语下定义。以定语从句下定义是最普遍的手段。这种手段一般包括三个组成部分：A 术语(term);B 术语所属的类别(class);C 该术语与同类别其它事物的区别(difference).这种句子定义法的句型如下： Term(术语)=its general class(基本属类)+ how it is different 例如： A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity. 2.3 扩展式定义：有时一个术语或概念比较复杂或比较重要，用同义词定义或用句子定义还不能够明确解释清楚，或容易与其它同类词混淆时，则有必要使用扩展式定义。扩展式定义的特点是先写被定义的术语，然后再用具体实例证明，并使之与易混的'概念区别开来。例如： Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas,emotions,andexperiences in a distinctive form and style.Poetry,sometimes called“verse”,depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of languagefor its special effects.Poetry,even more than prose (all other writings)，depends on precise and suggestive wording.In other words,a poem saysmuch in little space.Poetry differs from prose in obvious way,also.Mostoften the first word of every line begins with a capital letter,even in themiddle of sentence.Poems sometimes contain rhyme,and often they havea particular rhythm,like music. 3 因果法(development by cause and effect) 论述因果关系应首先阐明事物发生的原因， 然后再论述其结果。但在有些情况下可能只说明事情的成因，或者只陈述其结果。在学术研究的各个领域里，因果关系的写作是必不可少的。 We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because itcauses health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer ofthe lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs.Besides,it can bring about other health problems such as heart lungdiseases…It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death inour society. 因果法常用词汇有： 3.1 动词： 引述原因的有：to result from; to be the result of; to be dueto; to be a consequence of…引述结果的有：to lead to; to contribute to; to result in; to be thecause of,cause… 3.2 常用有介词和介词短语有：because of,owing to,on account of. 3.3 常用来表示原因的连词有：because,as,since.For,in that,nowthat,seeing that,considering that, 3.4 常用来表示结果的语言素材有：so that,so…that,such…that,therefore,as a result,consequently,according ly,thus 等。 4 程序法 程序法是段落扩展的一种重要手段。表示程序的段落扩展是按时间顺序展开的。它有两种形式，即过程描述和过程指导。前者用于介绍某种事的发生过程，目的在于向人们提供信息知识;后者来告诉人们怎么做，目的是就某项工作向人们传授实际操作方法。在程序描述中，我们根据事情发生的前后或者遵循程序或步骤，逐步描述。这各种段落扩展法常为科技文章所采用，并且动词常用被动语态。例， Do you know how paper is made? First,the logs are put in theshredder.Then they are cut into small chips and mixed with water andacid.Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned.Itis also chemically bleached to whiten it.After this,it is passed throughrollers to flatten it.Then,sheets of wet paper are produced.Finally,thewater is removed from the sheets which are pressed dried and refineduntil the finished paper is produced. 这是描述造纸的程序，一道工序接一道工序，否则就生产不出来。本段运用了大量被动语态。这种段落发展———程序描述———常为科技文章所采用。 5 时间顺序法( time order) 时间顺序常用来叙述一个故事，回顾历史事件以及讲解一个过程等。按时间顺序安排组织的段落或文章应该先发生的先说，后发生的后说。所以组织用这种方法的扩展段落时，应注意选用时序信号词，如first,second,third,at first,then finally 等。例， There are three steps involved in making a woodcut(木刻，木刻画).The first step is to cut a pattern on a flat block of wood.Second,spreadprinter’s ink over the surface of the wood block.Third,press the inkedblock against a sheet of paper.When the ink has bride on the paper,yourwoodcut is finished. 6 空间顺序法(development by space) 按空间关系扩展的段落，它一定依照素材中所提到的位置以及相互关系加以说明。表示空间位置是指事物或人在空间所处的位置排列。如：从上到下，从左到右，由近及远，从外到里等。总之，在描写时，应选择一个合适的起点开始，然后按照一定的顺序描写。使读者能够跟着作者的思路去顺利地理解。表示空间关系(spacial relation) 常用的一些方位词或表方位的词组有：above,across from,also,around,up,under,below,beyond,down,here,inthe distance,nearby,next to,close to,on the left,on the right,oppositeto,on top of,beneath,over,vertical horizontal,parallel to 等， 这类表示上下左右，前后四方的词或词组常用来在表示空间段落的扩展中充当连接纽带。这类文章可大至一个国家，小至一个房间。当然所描述的地方范围越小，就越容易着手写。例如： My house consists of two floors: the ground floor and the first floor.On the ground floor there’s the dinning-room,sitting-room,the kitchenand the hall.In the hall we keep a stand for hats,coats and umbrellas.Astaircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor.On this floorthere are four bedrooms,a bathroom and lavatory.On top of the roof thereare three chimneys.In front of the house we have a small garden,inwhich we grow flowers.At the back of the house there’s a much largergarden with a lawn and some fruit trees.At the side of the house is agarage,where I keep my car.The garden is enclosed by a fence,with agate in it. ;
怎样写好英语段落
段落是文章缩影。写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好文章。经过中学英语基础阶段学习之后，大学英语写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。进行段落层次上写作训练，是写好英语文章关键一环。下面介绍是段落结构。
段落（paragraph）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea）一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构基本独立单位。本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。
主题句与推展句
1、主题句
主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.
主题句中提出“certain rules”是指什么？展开句中通过四个“Don't argue ——”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中末句）。
1.1、主题句位置
主题句通常放在段落开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下作用，或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头写作手法。
例1：Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods —— everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段文字所讲主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段主题句。
例2：（主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.
以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们心理，并完全掌握了我们弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。
1.2、 如何写好主题句中关键词
段落主题句对主题限定主要是通过句中关键词来表现。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句重要前提之一。在上面例1，例2中，主题句关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句：
原句1：He can fix a bicycle himself.斜体部分应为主题句中关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？
修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句2：She tries to improve her looks.斜体部分应为主题句中关键词。她试着改变她面容理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。
修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.
修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。
1.3 、如何写好主题句中心思想
主题句由两部分组成，即主题（topic）和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想作用是导向（control）和制约（limit）。我们前面谈到关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳范围。对于初学写作人来说，“导向”重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如：
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.
本段主题句如果没有in which 引出定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。
Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.
“Exercise is beneficial”这是毫无疑义。但主题句中如不加上“to your heart”来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。
2、推展句
2.1、主要推展句
主要推展句（major supporting statement）主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步说明或证明，句与句之间关系是相互独立又是互相连接。
例1：（主题句）There are several factors affecting climate.（推展句1）One factor is the mount of sunlight received.（推展句2）Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. （推展句3）The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.（推展句4）In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
主题句指出影响气候几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。
2.2、次要推展句
次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指对主要推展句作进一步事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。
例2：（主题句）I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.（主要推展句1）Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer.（主要推展句2）For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.（次要推展句1）Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.（次要推展句2）Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.（次要推展句3）Sinking-stomach,
